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<p>A <b>descriptive statistic</b> (in the <a href="Count_noun" title="Count noun">count noun</a> sense) is a <a href="Summary_statistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary statistic">summary statistic</a> that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a collection of <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <b>descriptive statistics</b> (in the <a href="Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> sense) is the process of using and analysing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from <a href="Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">inferential statistics</a> (or inductive statistics) by its aim to summarize a <a href="Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sample</a>, rather than use the data to learn about the <a href="Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">population</a> that the sample of data is thought to represent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This generally means that descriptive statistics, unlike inferential statistics, is not developed on the basis of <a href="Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>, and are frequently <a href="Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">nonparametric statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when a data analysis draws its main conclusions using inferential statistics, descriptive statistics are generally also presented.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in papers reporting on human subjects, typically a table is included giving the overall <a href="Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">sample size</a>, sample sizes in important subgroups (e.g., for each treatment or exposure group), and <a href="Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> or clinical characteristics such as the <a href="Average" title="Average">average</a> age, the proportion of subjects of each sex, the proportion of subjects with related <a href="Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">co-morbidities</a>, etc.

</p><p>Some measures that are commonly used to describe a data set are measures of <a href="Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">central tendency</a> and measures of variability or <a href="Statistical_dispersion" title="Statistical dispersion">dispersion</a>. Measures of central tendency include the <a href="Mean" title="Mean">mean</a>, <a href="Median" title="Median">median</a> and <a href="Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">mode</a>, while measures of variability include the <a href="Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> (or <a href="Variance" title="Variance">variance</a>), the minimum and maximum values of the variables, <a href="Kurtosis" title="Kurtosis">kurtosis</a> and <a href="Skewness" title="Skewness">skewness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inv_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inv-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_statistical_analysis">Use in statistical analysis</h2></div>

<p>Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries about the sample and about the observations that have been made. Such summaries may be either <a href="Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a>, i.e. <a href="Summary_statistics" title="Summary statistics">summary statistics</a>, or visual, i.e. simple-to-understand graphs. These summaries may either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more extensive statistical analysis, or they may be sufficient in and of themselves for a particular investigation.

</p><p>For example, the shooting <a href="Percentage" title="Percentage">percentage</a> in <a href="Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> is a descriptive statistic that summarizes the performance of a player or a team. This number is the number of shots made divided by the number of shots taken. For example, a player who shoots 33% is making approximately one shot in every three. The percentage summarizes or describes multiple discrete events. Consider also the <a href="Grade_point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade point average">grade point average</a>. This single number describes the general performance of a student across the range of their course experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-trochim_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trochim-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The use of descriptive and summary statistics has an extensive history and, indeed, the simple tabulation of populations and of economic data was the first way the topic of <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> appeared. More recently, a collection of summarisation techniques has been formulated under the heading of <a href="Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">exploratory data analysis</a>: an example of such a technique is the <a href="Box_plot" title="Box plot">box plot</a>.

</p><p>In the business world, descriptive statistics provides a useful summary of many types of data. For example, investors and brokers may use a historical account of return behaviour by performing empirical and analytical analyses on their investments in order to make better investing decisions in the future.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Univariate_analysis">Univariate analysis</h3></div>

<p><a href="Univariate_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Univariate analysis">Univariate analysis</a> involves describing the <a href="Frequency_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency distribution">distribution</a> of a single variable, including its central tendency (including the <a href="Mean" title="Mean">mean</a>, <a href="Median" title="Median">median</a>, and <a href="Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">mode</a>) and dispersion (including the <a href="Range_(statistics)" title="Range (statistics)">range</a> and <a href="Quartiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartiles">quartiles</a> of the data-set, and measures of spread such as the <a href="Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> and <a href="Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a>). The shape of the distribution may also be described via indices such as <a href="Skewness" title="Skewness">skewness</a> and <a href="Kurtosis" title="Kurtosis">kurtosis</a>. Characteristics of a variable's distribution may also be depicted in graphical or tabular format, including <a href="Histograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Histograms">histograms</a> and <a href="Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">stem-and-leaf display</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bivariate_and_multivariate_analysis">Bivariate and multivariate analysis</h3></div>

<p>When a sample consists of more than one variable, descriptive statistics may be used to describe the relationship between pairs of variables. In this case, descriptive statistics include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Cross-tabulations</a> and <a href="Contingency_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingency tables">contingency tables</a></li>

<li>Graphical representation via <a href="Scatterplot" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatterplot">scatterplots</a></li>

<li>Quantitative measures of <a href="Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">dependence</a></li>

<li>Descriptions of <a href="Conditional_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional distribution">conditional distributions</a></li></ul>

<p>The main reason for differentiating univariate and bivariate analysis is that bivariate analysis is not only a simple descriptive analysis, but also it describes the relationship between two different variables.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quantitative measures of dependence include correlation (such as <a href="Pearson's_r" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson's r">Pearson's r</a> when both variables are continuous, or <a href="Spearman's_rho" class="mw-redirect" title="Spearman's rho">Spearman's rho</a> if one or both are not) and <a href="Covariance" title="Covariance">covariance</a> (which reflects the scale variables are measured on). The slope, in regression analysis, also reflects the relationship between variables. The unstandardised slope indicates the unit change in the criterion variable for a one unit change in the <a href="Prediction" title="Prediction">predictor</a>. The standardised slope indicates this change in standardised (<a href="Z-score" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-score">z-score</a>) units. Highly skewed data are often transformed by taking logarithms. The use of logarithms makes graphs more symmetrical and look more similar to the <a href="Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a>, making them easier to interpret intuitively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMann1995" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Prem S. (1995). <i>Introductory Statistics</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-31009-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2017" class="citation cs2">Christopher, Andrew N. (2017), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506304144.n6">"Drawing Conclusions From Data: Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Hypothesis Testing"</a></span>, <i>Interpreting and Using Statistics in Psychological Research</i>, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>183, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781506304144.n6">10.4135/9781506304144.n6</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5063-0416-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-01</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDodge2003" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Y. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms</i></a></span>. OUP. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-850994-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2017" class="citation cs2">Christopher, Andrew N. (2017), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506304144.n6">"Drawing Conclusions From Data: Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, and Hypothesis Testing"</a></span>, <i>Interpreting and Using Statistics in Psychological Research</i>, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>183, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781506304144.n6">10.4135/9781506304144.n6</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5063-0416-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-01</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Inv-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inv_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Investopedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_statistics.asp#axzz2DxCoTnMM">Descriptive Statistics Terms</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-trochim-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trochim_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrochim2006" class="citation web cs1">Trochim, William M. K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php">"Descriptive statistics"</a>. <i>Research Methods Knowledge Base</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBabbie2009" class="citation book cs1">Babbie, Earl R. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780495598428"><i>The Practice of Social Research</i></a></span> (12th ed.). Wadsworth. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780495598428/page/436">436–440</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-495-59841-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNick2007" class="citation book cs1">Nick, Todd G. (2007). "Descriptive Statistics". <i>Topics in Biostatistics</i>. <a href="Methods_in_Molecular_Biology" title="Methods in Molecular Biology">Methods in Molecular Biology</a>. Vol. 404. New York: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>52. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-59745-530-5_3">10.1007/978-1-59745-530-5_3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58829-531-6</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18450044">18450044</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>Descriptive Statistics Lecture: University of Pittsburgh Supercourse: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec0421/index.htm">http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec0421/index.htm</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistics654" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistics654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_statistics" title="Outline of statistics">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statistics_articles" title="List of statistics articles">Index</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Descriptive_statistics654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Continuous_probability_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous probability distribution">Continuous data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">Arithmetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Arithmetic%E2%80%93geometric_mean" title="Arithmetic–geometric mean">Arithmetic-Geometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Contraharmonic_mean" title="Contraharmonic mean">Contraharmonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cubic_mean" title="Cubic mean">Cubic</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_mean" title="Generalized mean">Generalized/power</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">Geometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">Harmonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Heronian_mean" title="Heronian mean">Heronian</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinz_mean" title="Heinz mean">Heinz</a></li>

<li><a href="Lehmer_mean" title="Lehmer mean">Lehmer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Median" title="Median">Median</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Statistical_dispersion" title="Statistical dispersion">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Average_absolute_deviation" title="Average absolute deviation">Average absolute deviation</a></li>

<li><a href="Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of variation">Coefficient of variation</a></li>

<li><a href="Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">Interquartile range</a></li>

<li><a href="Percentile" title="Percentile">Percentile</a></li>

<li><a href="Range_(statistics)" title="Range (statistics)">Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">Standard deviation</a></li>

<li><a href="Variance#Sample_variance" title="Variance">Variance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Shape_of_the_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape of the distribution">Shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">Central limit theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Moment_(mathematics)" title="Moment (mathematics)">Moments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kurtosis" title="Kurtosis">Kurtosis</a></li>

<li><a href="L-moment" title="L-moment">L-moments</a></li>

<li><a href="Skewness" title="Skewness">Skewness</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Count_data" title="Count data">Count data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_dispersion" title="Index of dispersion">Index of dispersion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Summary tables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency distribution">Frequency distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Grouped_data" title="Grouped data">Grouped data</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial correlation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearson_correlation_coefficient" title="Pearson correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment correlation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rank_correlation" title="Rank correlation">Rank correlation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Kendall rank correlation coefficient">Kendall's τ</a></li>

<li><a href="Spearman's_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Spearman's rank correlation coefficient">Spearman's ρ</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Biplot" title="Biplot">Biplot</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Correlogram" title="Correlogram">Correlogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_chart_(statistics)" title="Fan chart (statistics)">Fan chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_plot" title="Forest plot">Forest plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar_chart" title="Radar chart">Radar chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li>

<li><a href="Violin_plot" title="Violin plot">Violin plot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_collection654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Study design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effect_size" title="Effect size">Effect size</a></li>

<li><a href="Missing_data" title="Missing data">Missing data</a></li>

<li><a href="Optimal_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimal design">Optimal design</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">Population</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(statistics)" title="Replication (statistics)">Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size determination">Sample size determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">Statistical power</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Survey methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Sampling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cluster_sampling" title="Cluster sampling">Cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">Stratified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li>

<li><a href="Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">Questionnaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Experiment" title="Experiment">Controlled experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blocking_(statistics)" title="Blocking (statistics)">Blocking</a></li>

<li><a href="Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Interaction_(statistics)" title="Interaction (statistics)">Interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Random_assignment" title="Random assignment">Random assignment</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_experiment" title="Randomized experiment">Randomized experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">Scientific control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Adaptive designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_clinical_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive clinical trial">Adaptive clinical trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Stochastic_approximation" title="Stochastic approximation">Stochastic approximation</a></li>

<li><a href="Up-and-Down_Designs" class="mw-redirect" title="Up-and-Down Designs">Up-and-down designs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Observational_study" title="Observational study">Observational studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">Cross-sectional study</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_experiment" title="Natural experiment">Natural experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_inference654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Statistical_theory" title="Statistical theory">Statistical theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Population_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population (statistics)">Population</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Probability distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_distribution" title="Sampling distribution">Sampling distribution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Order_statistic" title="Order statistic">Order statistic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_distribution_function" title="Empirical distribution function">Empirical distribution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Model_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Model specification">Model specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Lp_space" title="Lp space">L<sup><i>p</i></sup> space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_parameter" title="Statistical parameter">Parameter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Location_parameter" title="Location parameter">location</a></li>

<li><a href="Scale_parameter" title="Scale parameter">scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Shape_parameter" title="Shape parameter">shape</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric family</a>

<ul><li><a href="Likelihood_function" title="Likelihood function">Likelihood</a> <a href="Monotone_likelihood_ratio" title="Monotone likelihood ratio"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(monotone)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Location%E2%80%93scale_family" title="Location–scale family">Location–scale family</a></li>

<li><a href="Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential family</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Completeness_(statistics)" title="Completeness (statistics)">Completeness</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufficient_statistic" title="Sufficient statistic">Sufficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Plug-in_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in principle">Statistical functional</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Optimal_decision" title="Optimal decision">Optimal decision</a>

<ul><li><a href="Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Efficiency_(statistics)" title="Efficiency (statistics)">Efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_distance" title="Statistical distance">Statistical distance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divergence_(statistics)" title="Divergence (statistics)">divergence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asymptotic_theory_(statistics)" title="Asymptotic theory (statistics)">Asymptotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robust_statistics" title="Robust statistics">Robustness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Frequentist_inference" title="Frequentist inference">Frequentist inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Point_estimation" title="Point estimation">Point estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Estimating_equations" title="Estimating equations">Estimating equations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_of_moments_(statistics)" title="Method of moments (statistics)">Method of moments</a></li>

<li><a href="M-estimator" title="M-estimator">M-estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_distance_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum distance estimation">Minimum distance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Unbiased estimators</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minimum-variance_unbiased_estimator" title="Minimum-variance unbiased estimator">Mean-unbiased minimum-variance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem" title="Rao–Blackwell theorem">Rao–Blackwellization</a></li>

<li><a href="Lehmann%E2%80%93Scheff%C3%A9_theorem" title="Lehmann–Scheffé theorem">Lehmann–Scheffé theorem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Median-unbiased_estimator" class="mw-redirect" title="Median-unbiased estimator">Median unbiased</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interval_estimation" title="Interval estimation">Interval estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">Confidence interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Pivotal_quantity" title="Pivotal quantity">Pivot</a></li>

<li><a href="Likelihood_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood interval">Likelihood interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">Prediction interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolerance_interval" title="Tolerance interval">Tolerance interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">Resampling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackknife_resampling" title="Jackknife resampling">Jackknife</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Testing hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="One-_and_two-tailed_tests" title="One- and two-tailed tests">1- & 2-tails</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_(statistics)" title="Power (statistics)">Power</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uniformly_most_powerful_test" title="Uniformly most powerful test">Uniformly most powerful test</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Permutation_test" title="Permutation test">Permutation test</a>

<ul><li><a href="Randomization_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomization test">Randomization test</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple comparisons">Multiple comparisons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Score_test" title="Score test">Score/Lagrange multiplier</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="List_of_statistical_tests" title="List of statistical tests">Specific tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test <span style="font-size: 85%;">(normal)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Student's_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Goodness_of_fit" title="Goodness of fit">Goodness of fit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-squared</a></li>

<li><a href="Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test" title="Kolmogorov–Smirnov test">Kolmogorov–Smirnov</a></li>

<li><a href="Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test" title="Anderson–Darling test">Anderson–Darling</a></li>

<li><a href="Lilliefors_test" title="Lilliefors test">Lilliefors</a></li>

<li><a href="Jarque%E2%80%93Bera_test" title="Jarque–Bera test">Jarque–Bera</a></li>

<li><a href="Shapiro%E2%80%93Wilk_test" title="Shapiro–Wilk test">Normality <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Shapiro–Wilk)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-ratio test</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model selection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross validation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Rank_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank statistics">Rank statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sample_median" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample median">Sample median</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test" title="Wilcoxon signed-rank test">Signed rank <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Wilcoxon)</span></a>

<ul><li><a href="Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann_estimator" title="Hodges–Lehmann estimator">Hodges–Lehmann estimator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" title="Mann–Whitney U test">Rank sum <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mann–Whitney)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">Nonparametric</a> <a href="Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">anova</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kruskal%E2%80%93Wallis_test" title="Kruskal–Wallis test">1-way <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Kruskal–Wallis)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">2-way <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Friedman)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Jonckheere's_trend_test" title="Jonckheere's trend test">Ordered alternative <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Jonckheere–Terpstra)</span></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Van_der_Waerden_test" title="Van der Waerden test">Van der Waerden test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prior_probability" title="Prior probability">prior</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_probability" title="Posterior probability">posterior</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Credible_interval" title="Credible interval">Credible interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayes_factor" title="Bayes factor">Bayes factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayes_estimator" title="Bayes estimator">Bayesian estimator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation" title="Maximum a posteriori estimation">Maximum posterior estimator</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CorrelationRegression_analysis654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></li><li><a href="Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial correlation</a></li>

<li><a href="Confounding" title="Confounding">Confounding variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals">Errors and residuals</a></li>

<li><a href="Regression_validation" title="Regression validation">Regression validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_model" title="Mixed model">Mixed effects models</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_equations_model" title="Simultaneous equations model">Simultaneous equations models</a></li>

<li><a href="Multivariate_adaptive_regression_splines" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate adaptive regression splines">Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simple_linear_regression" title="Simple linear regression">Simple linear regression</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordinary_least_squares" title="Ordinary least squares">Ordinary least squares</a></li>

<li><a href="General_linear_model" title="General linear model">General linear model</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayesian_linear_regression" title="Bayesian linear regression">Bayesian regression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Non-standard predictors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nonlinear_regression" title="Nonlinear regression">Nonlinear regression</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonparametric_regression" title="Nonparametric regression">Nonparametric</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiparametric_regression" title="Semiparametric regression">Semiparametric</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotonic_regression" title="Isotonic regression">Isotonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Robust_regression" title="Robust regression">Robust</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoscedasticity_and_heteroscedasticity" title="Homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity">Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">Generalized linear model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential families</a></li>

<li><a href="Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Bernoulli)</span></a> / <a href="Binomial_regression" title="Binomial regression">Binomial</a> / <a href="Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Poisson regressions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Partition_of_sums_of_squares" title="Partition of sums of squares">Partition of variance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_covariance" title="Analysis of covariance">Analysis of covariance</a></li>

<li><a href="Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis of variance">Multivariate ANOVA</a></li>

<li><a href="Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)" title="Degrees of freedom (statistics)">Degrees of freedom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Categorical_/_multivariate_/_time-series_/_survival_analysis654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a> / <a href="Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">multivariate</a> / <a href="Time_series" title="Time series">time-series</a> / <a href="Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">survival analysis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cohen's_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Cohen's kappa</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical model</a></li>

<li><a href="Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Log-linear model</a></li>

<li><a href="McNemar's_test" title="McNemar's test">McNemar's test</a></li>

<li><a href="Cochran%E2%80%93Mantel%E2%80%93Haenszel_statistics" title="Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics">Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="General_linear_model" title="General linear model">Regression</a></li>

<li><a href="Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis of variance">Manova</a></li>

<li><a href="Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">Principal components</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">Canonical correlation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">Discriminant analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">Structural equation model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multivariate_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate distribution">Multivariate distributions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elliptical_distribution" title="Elliptical distribution">Elliptical distributions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Multivariate_normal_distribution" title="Multivariate normal distribution">Normal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Time_series" title="Time series">Time-series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decomposition_of_time_series" title="Decomposition of time series">Decomposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Trend_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend estimation">Trend</a></li>

<li><a href="Stationary_process" title="Stationary process">Stationarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Seasonal_adjustment" title="Seasonal adjustment">Seasonal adjustment</a></li>

<li><a href="Exponential_smoothing" title="Exponential smoothing">Exponential smoothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cointegration" title="Cointegration">Cointegration</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_break" title="Structural break">Structural break</a></li>

<li><a href="Granger_causality" title="Granger causality">Granger causality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Specific tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dickey%E2%80%93Fuller_test" title="Dickey–Fuller test">Dickey–Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Johansen_test" title="Johansen test">Johansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ljung%E2%80%93Box_test" title="Ljung–Box test">Q-statistic <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ljung–Box)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Durbin%E2%80%93Watson_statistic" title="Durbin–Watson statistic">Durbin–Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Breusch%E2%80%93Godfrey_test" title="Breusch–Godfrey test">Breusch–Godfrey</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autocorrelation" title="Autocorrelation">Autocorrelation (ACF)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Partial_autocorrelation_function" title="Partial autocorrelation function">partial (PACF)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cross-correlation" title="Cross-correlation">Cross-correlation (XCF)</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoregressive%E2%80%93moving-average_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoregressive–moving-average model">ARMA model</a></li>

<li><a href="Box%E2%80%93Jenkins_method" title="Box–Jenkins method">ARIMA model <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Box–Jenkins)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Autoregressive_conditional_heteroskedasticity" title="Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity">Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_autoregression" title="Vector autoregression">Vector autoregression (VAR)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">Frequency domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spectral_density_estimation" title="Spectral density estimation">Spectral density estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Least-squares_spectral_analysis" title="Least-squares spectral analysis">Least-squares spectral analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li>

<li><a href="Whittle_likelihood" title="Whittle likelihood">Whittle likelihood</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Survival_function" title="Survival function">Survival function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator" title="Kaplan–Meier estimator">Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit)</a></li>

<li><a href="Proportional_hazards_model" title="Proportional hazards model">Proportional hazards models</a></li>

<li><a href="Accelerated_failure_time_model" title="Accelerated failure time model">Accelerated failure time (AFT) model</a></li>

<li><a href="First-hitting-time_model" title="First-hitting-time model">First hitting time</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate">Hazard function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nelson%E2%80%93Aalen_estimator" title="Nelson–Aalen estimator">Nelson–Aalen estimator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Test</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Applications654" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics" title="List of fields of application of statistics">Applications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a> / <a href="Clinical_study_design" title="Clinical study design">studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_statistics" title="Medical statistics">Medical statistics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Engineering_statistics" title="Engineering statistics">Engineering statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">Chemometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Methods_engineering" title="Methods engineering">Methods engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_process_control" title="Statistical process control">Process</a> / <a href="Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="System_identification" title="System identification">System identification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Social_statistics" title="Social statistics">Social statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a></li>

<li><a href="Census" title="Census">Census</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">Crime statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographic_statistics" title="Demographic statistics">Demography</a></li>

<li><a href="Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a></li>

<li><a href="Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">Official statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Population statistics">Population statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Kriging" title="Kriging">Kriging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span><b>Category</b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statistics" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Statistics">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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